Surname Origins, Their Source and Significations (1875)

Another term for the same made its mark upon our nomenclature as 'Gustur' ('Robert le Gustur,' T.) To gust was thus used till Shakespeare's day, and we still speak of 'gusto' as equivalent to relish.

We are reminded by the fact of the existence of 'Knifesmith' and 'Spooner' only among our early occupative surnames that there were no forks in those days.' There is no 'Forker' to be found. Even the ' Carver' ('Adam le Kerver,' A., 'Richard le Karver,' A) had to use his fingers. In the 'Boke of Kervynge,' a manual of the then strictest etiquette in such matters, we find the following direction: — 'Set never on fyshe, flesche, beest, ne fowle, more than twofyngers and a thombe.' Seldom, too, did they use plates as we now understand them. Before each guest was set a round slice of bread called a treneher, and the meat being placed upon this, he consumed the whole, or as much as he pleased. Under these circumstances we can easily understand how necessary would be the office of 'Ewer,' a name found in every early roll as 'Brian le Ewer,' or 'Richard le Ewere,' or 'Adam de la Euerie.' As he supplied water for each to cleanse his hands he was close followed

(A Book of Precedence.) Hall, speaking of King Richard's murder, says of Sir Piers that he 'came to Pomfret, commanding that the esquier whiche was accustomed to sewe and take the assaye before Kyng Rychard should no more use that maner of service.' F. xiv.

1 Forks, used first in Italy, were not introduced into the French Court till late in the sixteenth century. In England they did not make their appearance till 1608, and it is said they were there the immediate result of the published travels of Thomas Coryat, who visited Italy in that year. I am sorry to say that I cannot find any instance of 'Spooner' in our earlier archives. Foxe mentions, in his Martyrology, a 'Robert Catlin, spoonmaker,' persecuted in 1552 at Byebrook, Suffolk.

SURNAMES OF OFFICE.

by the 'napper' or 'napier,' who proffered the towel or napkin. The word, I need scarcely say, is but a diminutive of the old nape, which was applied in general to the tablecloths and other linen used in setting forth the dinner. An old book, which I have already quoted, in directing the attendant how to lay the cloth, says

The over nape schall double be layde.

The Hundred Rolls and other records furnish us with such names as 'Jordan le Nappere,' or 'John le Napere,' or 'Walter de la Naperye.' Behind the lord of the board, nigh to his elbow, stood the 'page,' holding his cup. This seems to have been an office much sought after by the sons of the lower nobility, and it is to the honourable place in which it was held we no doubt owe the fact that not merely are our 'Pages ' decidedly numerous in the present day, but that we also find such further particular compounds as 'Small-page,'1'Little-page,' or 'Cup-page' holding anything but a precarious existence in our midst. There seems to have been but little difference between this office and that of the 'henchman,' only that the latter, as his name, more strictly written ' haunchman,' shows, attended his master's behests out of doors. He, too, lives on hale and hearty in our 'Henchmans,' 'Hinxmans,' 'Hincksmans,' and 'Hensmans.' 2

1 'To Percivall Smallpage, for his expences, xxs.' (Household Account, Princess Elizabeth. Cam. Soc.)

2 We find the modem spelling of this sobriquet little varied from that of the fifteenth century. An act, passed in 1463, to restrain excess in apparel, makes a proviso in favour of 'Hensmen, Heroldes, Purceyvantes, Swerdeberers, as Maires, Messagers, and Minstrelles.' (Stat. Realm, vol. ii. p. 402.) Sir Harris Nicolas says: 'No word has been